A compreensão médica portuguesa sobre a concepção da criança no século XVIII

A partir do século XVII, novos conhecimentos anatómicos vão possibilitar aos médicos uma compreensão da concepção humana que desagua na autoconfiança que exibe hoje a medicina. Portugal vai integrando esse novo saber médico e, ao longo de Setecentos, vê cada vez mais generalizar-se a ideia de que o homem participava na concepção por meio do sémen que fecundava o ovo existente na mulher, rompendo com as concepções vindas da Antiguidade. Apesar de alguma novidade no conhecimento anatómico e de um raciocínio médico mais fundado na observação sistemática, a ideia que sobressai é a da impotência para responder aos normais anseios das pessoas e a pouca capacidade para desfazer mitos há muito enraizados, como a possibilidade da influência da imaginação na concepção. Um dos contributos de maior alcance desta racionalidade parece ter sido o despertar para uma consciência desenvolvimentista que acentuava a necessidade de se actuar preventivamente na promoção da saúde. Daí a importância de se olhar para os cuidados a ter para com a criança e desde o início, ou seja, desde a concepção

Molecular characterization of SUMO E2 conjugation enzyme : differential expression profile in Schistosoma mansoni.

SUMO-dependent post-translational modification is implicated in a variety of cellular functions including gene expression regulation, nuclear sub-localization, and signal transduction. Conjugation of SUMO to other proteins occurs in a similar process to ubiquitination, which involves three classes of enzymes: an E1 activating, an E2 conjugating, and an E3 target-specific ligase. Ubc9 is the unique SUMO E2 enzyme known to conjugate SUMO to target substrates. Here, we present the molecular characterization of this enzyme and demonstrate its expression profile during the S. mansoni life cycle. We have used bioinformatic approaches to identify the SUMO-conjugating enzyme, the SmUbc9-like protein, in the Schistosoma mansoni databases. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to measure the transcript levels of SUMO E2 in cercariae, adult worms, and in vitro cultivated schistosomula. Furthermore, recombinant SmUbc9 was expressed using the Gateway system, and antibodies raised in rats were used to measure SmUbc9 protein levels in S. mansoni stages by Western blotting. Our data revealed upregulation of the SmUbc9 transcript in early schistosomula followed by a marked differential gene expression in the other analyzed stages. The protein levels were maintained fairly constant suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation of the SmUbc9 mRNA. Our results show for the first time that S. mansoni employs a functional SUMO E2 enzyme, for the conjugation of the SUMO proteins to its target substrates

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora